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Use an ambisonics-based panning method

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For mono sources, third-order ambisonics is utilized to generate panning gains.
The general idea is that a panned mono sound can be encoded into b-format
ambisonics as:

w[i] = sample[i] * 0.7071;
x[i] = sample[i] * dir[0];
y[i] = sample[i] * dir[1];
...

and subsequently rendered using:

output[chan][i] = w[i] * w_coeffs[chan] +
                  x[i] * x_coeffs[chan] +
                  y[i] * y_coeffs[chan] +
                  ...;

By reordering the math, channel gains can be generated by doing:

gain[chan] = 0.7071 * w_coeffs[chan] +
             dir[0] * x_coeffs[chan] +
             dir[1] * y_coeffs[chan] +
             ...;

which then get applied as normal:

output[chan][i] = sample[i] * gain[chan];

One of the reasons to use ambisonics for panning is that it provides arguably
better reproduction for sounds emanating from between two speakers. As well,
this makes it easier to pan in all 3 dimensions, with for instance a "3D7.1" or
8-channel cube speaker configuration by simply providing the necessary
coefficients (this will need some work since some methods still use angle-based
panpot, particularly multi-channel sources).

Unfortunately, the math to reliably generate the coefficients for a given
speaker configuration is too costly to do at run-time. They have to be pre-
generated based on a pre-specified speaker arangement, which means the config
options for tweaking speaker angles are no longer supportable. Eventually I
hope to provide config options for custom coefficients, which can either be
generated and written in manually, or via alsoft-config from user-specified
speaker positions.

The current default set of coefficients were generated using the MATLAB scripts
(compatible with GNU Octave) from the excellent Ambisonic Decoder Toolbox, at
https://bitbucket.org/ambidecodertoolbox/adt/
This commit is contained in:
Chris Robinson
2014-09-30 07:33:13 -07:00
parent 4955824c2d
commit 4d36ef65b2
4 changed files with 134 additions and 130 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files
Alc/ALu.c
+11 -15
View File
@@ -959,14 +959,21 @@ ALvoid CalcSourceParams(ALvoice *voice, const ALsource *ALSource, const ALCconte
else
{
MixGains *gains = voice->Direct.Mix.Gains[0];
ALfloat DirGain = 0.0f;
ALfloat AmbientGain;
for(j = 0;j < MaxChannels;j++)
gains[j].Target = 0.0f;
/* Normalize the length, and compute panned gains. */
if(Distance > FLT_EPSILON)
if(!(Distance > FLT_EPSILON))
{
ALfloat gain = 1.0f / sqrtf(Device->NumSpeakers);
for(i = 0;i < (ALint)Device->NumSpeakers;i++)
{
enum Channel chan = Device->Speaker[i].ChanName;
gains[chan].Target = gain;
}
}
else
{
ALfloat radius = ALSource->Radius;
ALfloat Target[MaxChannels];
@@ -975,22 +982,11 @@ ALvoid CalcSourceParams(ALvoice *voice, const ALsource *ALSource, const ALCconte
Position[1] *= invlen;
Position[2] *= invlen;
DirGain = sqrtf(Position[0]*Position[0] + Position[2]*Position[2]);
ComputeAngleGains(Device, atan2f(Position[0], -Position[2]*ZScale), 0.0f,
DryGain*DirGain, Target);
ComputeDirectionalGains(Device, Position, DryGain, Target);
for(j = 0;j < MaxChannels;j++)
gains[j].Target = Target[j];
}
/* Adjustment for vertical offsets. Not the greatest, but simple
* enough. */
AmbientGain = DryGain * sqrtf(1.0f/Device->NumSpeakers) * (1.0f-DirGain);
for(i = 0;i < (ALint)Device->NumSpeakers;i++)
{
enum Channel chan = Device->Speaker[i].ChanName;
gains[chan].Target = maxf(gains[chan].Target, AmbientGain);
}
if(!voice->Direct.Moving)
{
for(j = 0;j < MaxChannels;j++)
Alc/panning.c
+110 -115
View File
@@ -33,111 +33,51 @@
extern inline void SetGains(const ALCdevice *device, ALfloat ingain, ALfloat gains[MaxChannels]);
static void SetSpeakerArrangement(const char *name, ALCdevice *device)
static inline void Set0thOrder(ALfloat coeffs[16], ALfloat w)
{
char *confkey, *next;
char *layout_str;
char *sep, *end;
enum Channel val;
const char *str;
ALuint i;
coeffs[0] = w;
}
if(!ConfigValueStr(NULL, name, &str) && !ConfigValueStr(NULL, "layout", &str))
return;
static inline void Set1stOrder(ALfloat coeffs[16], ALfloat w, ALfloat x, ALfloat y, ALfloat z)
{
coeffs[0] = w;
coeffs[1] = x;
coeffs[2] = y;
coeffs[3] = z;
}
layout_str = strdup(str);
next = confkey = layout_str;
while(next && *next)
{
confkey = next;
next = strchr(confkey, ',');
if(next)
{
*next = 0;
do {
next++;
} while(isspace(*next) || *next == ',');
}
static inline void Set2ndOrder(ALfloat coeffs[16], ALfloat w, ALfloat x, ALfloat y, ALfloat z, ALfloat r, ALfloat s, ALfloat t, ALfloat u, ALfloat v)
{
coeffs[0] = w;
coeffs[1] = x;
coeffs[2] = y;
coeffs[3] = z;
coeffs[4] = r;
coeffs[5] = s;
coeffs[6] = t;
coeffs[7] = u;
coeffs[8] = v;
}
sep = strchr(confkey, '=');
if(!sep || confkey == sep)
{
ERR("Malformed speaker key: %s\n", confkey);
continue;
}
end = sep - 1;
while(isspace(*end) && end != confkey)
end--;
*(++end) = 0;
if(strcmp(confkey, "fl") == 0 || strcmp(confkey, "front-left") == 0)
val = FrontLeft;
else if(strcmp(confkey, "fr") == 0 || strcmp(confkey, "front-right") == 0)
val = FrontRight;
else if(strcmp(confkey, "fc") == 0 || strcmp(confkey, "front-center") == 0)
val = FrontCenter;
else if(strcmp(confkey, "bl") == 0 || strcmp(confkey, "back-left") == 0)
val = BackLeft;
else if(strcmp(confkey, "br") == 0 || strcmp(confkey, "back-right") == 0)
val = BackRight;
else if(strcmp(confkey, "bc") == 0 || strcmp(confkey, "back-center") == 0)
val = BackCenter;
else if(strcmp(confkey, "sl") == 0 || strcmp(confkey, "side-left") == 0)
val = SideLeft;
else if(strcmp(confkey, "sr") == 0 || strcmp(confkey, "side-right") == 0)
val = SideRight;
else
{
ERR("Unknown speaker for %s: \"%s\"\n", name, confkey);
continue;
}
*(sep++) = 0;
while(isspace(*sep))
sep++;
for(i = 0;i < device->NumSpeakers;i++)
{
if(device->Speaker[i].ChanName == val)
{
long angle = strtol(sep, NULL, 10);
if(angle >= -180 && angle <= 180)
device->Speaker[i].Angle = DEG2RAD(angle);
else
ERR("Invalid angle for speaker \"%s\": %ld\n", confkey, angle);
break;
}
}
}
free(layout_str);
layout_str = NULL;
for(i = 0;i < device->NumSpeakers;i++)
{
ALuint min = i;
ALuint i2;
for(i2 = i+1;i2 < device->NumSpeakers;i2++)
{
if(device->Speaker[i2].Angle < device->Speaker[min].Angle)
min = i2;
}
if(min != i)
{
ALfloat tmpf;
enum Channel tmpc;
tmpf = device->Speaker[i].Angle;
device->Speaker[i].Angle = device->Speaker[min].Angle;
device->Speaker[min].Angle = tmpf;
tmpc = device->Speaker[i].ChanName;
device->Speaker[i].ChanName = device->Speaker[min].ChanName;
device->Speaker[min].ChanName = tmpc;
}
}
static inline void Set3rdOrder(ALfloat coeffs[16], ALfloat w, ALfloat x, ALfloat y, ALfloat z, ALfloat r, ALfloat s, ALfloat t, ALfloat u, ALfloat v, ALfloat k, ALfloat l, ALfloat m, ALfloat n, ALfloat o, ALfloat p, ALfloat q)
{
coeffs[0] = w;
coeffs[1] = x;
coeffs[2] = y;
coeffs[3] = z;
coeffs[4] = r;
coeffs[5] = s;
coeffs[6] = t;
coeffs[7] = u;
coeffs[8] = v;
coeffs[9] = k;
coeffs[10] = l;
coeffs[11] = m;
coeffs[12] = n;
coeffs[13] = o;
coeffs[14] = p;
coeffs[15] = q;
}
@@ -155,12 +95,13 @@ void ComputeAngleGains(const ALCdevice *device, ALfloat angle, ALfloat hwidth, A
for(i = 0;i < device->NumSpeakers;i++)
SpeakerAngle[i] = device->Speaker[i].Angle;
for(i = 0;i < MaxChannels;i++)
gains[i] = 0.0f;
/* Some easy special-cases first... */
if(device->NumSpeakers <= 1 || hwidth >= F_PI)
{
/* Full coverage for all speakers. */
for(i = 0;i < MaxChannels;i++)
gains[i] = 0.0f;
for(i = 0;i < device->NumSpeakers;i++)
{
enum Channel chan = Speaker2Chan[i];
@@ -171,8 +112,6 @@ void ComputeAngleGains(const ALCdevice *device, ALfloat angle, ALfloat hwidth, A
if(hwidth <= 0.0f)
{
/* Infinitely small sound point. */
for(i = 0;i < MaxChannels;i++)
gains[i] = 0.0f;
for(i = 0;i < device->NumSpeakers-1;i++)
{
if(angle >= SpeakerAngle[i] && angle < SpeakerAngle[i+1])
@@ -338,10 +277,45 @@ void ComputeAngleGains(const ALCdevice *device, ALfloat angle, ALfloat hwidth, A
}
}
void ComputeDirectionalGains(const ALCdevice *device, const ALfloat dir[3], ALfloat ingain, ALfloat gains[MaxChannels])
{
ALfloat coeffs[MAX_AMBI_COEFFS];
ALuint i, j;
/* Convert from OpenAL coords to Ambisonics. */
coeffs[0] = 0.7071f; /* sqrt(1.0 / 2.0) */
coeffs[1] = -dir[2]; /* X */
coeffs[2] = -dir[0]; /* Y */
coeffs[3] = dir[1]; /* Z */
coeffs[4] = 0.5f * (3.0f*dir[1]*dir[1] - 1.0f); /* 0.5 * (3*Z*Z - 1) */
coeffs[5] = 2.0f * dir[1] * -dir[2]; /* 2*Z*X */
coeffs[6] = 2.0f * -dir[0] * dir[1]; /* 2*Y*Z */
coeffs[7] = dir[2]*dir[2] - dir[0]*dir[0]; /* X*X - Y*Y */
coeffs[8] = 2.0f * -dir[2] * -dir[0]; /* 2*X*Y */
coeffs[9] = 0.5f * dir[1] * (5.0f*dir[1]*dir[1] - 3.0f); /* 0.5 * Z * (5*Z*Z - 3) */
coeffs[10] = 0.7262f * -dir[2] * (5.0f*dir[1]*dir[1] - 1.0f); /* sqrt(135.0 / 256.0) * X * (5*Z*Z - 1) */
coeffs[11] = 0.7262f * -dir[0] * (5.0f*dir[1]*dir[1] - 1.0f); /* sqrt(135.0 / 256.0) * Y * (5*Z*Z - 1) */
coeffs[12] = 2.5981f * dir[1] * (dir[2]*dir[2] - dir[0]*dir[0]); /* sqrt(27.0 / 4.0) * Z * (X*X - Y*Y) */
coeffs[13] = 5.1962f * -dir[2] * -dir[0] * dir[1]; /* sqrt(27) * X * Y * Z */
coeffs[14] = -dir[2] * (dir[2]*dir[2] - 3.0f*dir[0]*dir[0]); /* X * (X*X - 3*Y*Y) */
coeffs[15] = -dir[0] * (3.0f*dir[2]*dir[2] - dir[0]*dir[0]); /* Y * (3*X*X - Y*Y) */
for(i = 0;i < MaxChannels;i++)
gains[i] = 0.0f;
for(i = 0;i < device->NumSpeakers;i++)
{
enum Channel chan = device->Speaker[i].ChanName;
for(j = 0;j < MAX_AMBI_COEFFS;j++)
gains[chan] += device->Speaker[i].Coeff[j]*coeffs[j];
gains[chan] = maxf(gains[chan], 0.0f) * ingain;
}
}
ALvoid aluInitPanning(ALCdevice *device)
{
const char *layoutname = NULL;
memset(device->Speaker, 0, sizeof(device->Speaker));
device->NumSpeakers = 0;
switch(device->FmtChans)
{
@@ -349,7 +323,7 @@ ALvoid aluInitPanning(ALCdevice *device)
device->NumSpeakers = 1;
device->Speaker[0].ChanName = FrontCenter;
device->Speaker[0].Angle = DEG2RAD(0.0f);
layoutname = NULL;
Set0thOrder(device->Speaker[0].Coeff, 1.4142f);
break;
case DevFmtStereo:
@@ -358,7 +332,8 @@ ALvoid aluInitPanning(ALCdevice *device)
device->Speaker[1].ChanName = FrontRight;
device->Speaker[0].Angle = DEG2RAD(-90.0f);
device->Speaker[1].Angle = DEG2RAD( 90.0f);
layoutname = "layout_stereo";
Set1stOrder(device->Speaker[0].Coeff, 0.7071f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
Set1stOrder(device->Speaker[1].Coeff, 0.7071f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
break;
case DevFmtQuad:
@@ -371,7 +346,10 @@ ALvoid aluInitPanning(ALCdevice *device)
device->Speaker[1].Angle = DEG2RAD( -45.0f);
device->Speaker[2].Angle = DEG2RAD( 45.0f);
device->Speaker[3].Angle = DEG2RAD( 135.0f);
layoutname = "layout_quad";
Set2ndOrder(device->Speaker[0].Coeff, 0.353543f, -0.306192f, 0.306181f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.117193f);
Set2ndOrder(device->Speaker[1].Coeff, 0.353558f, 0.306181f, 0.306192f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.117183f);
Set2ndOrder(device->Speaker[2].Coeff, 0.353543f, 0.306181f, -0.306192f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.117193f);
Set2ndOrder(device->Speaker[3].Coeff, 0.353558f, -0.306192f, -0.306181f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.117183f);
break;
case DevFmtX51:
@@ -386,7 +364,11 @@ ALvoid aluInitPanning(ALCdevice *device)
device->Speaker[2].Angle = DEG2RAD( 0.0f);
device->Speaker[3].Angle = DEG2RAD( 30.0f);
device->Speaker[4].Angle = DEG2RAD( 110.0f);
layoutname = "layout_surround51";
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[0].Coeff, 0.470934f, -0.369630f, 0.349383f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.031379f, -0.058143f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.007116f, -0.043968f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[1].Coeff, 0.208954f, 0.212846f, 0.238350f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.017738f, 0.204014f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.051023f, 0.047490f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[2].Coeff, 0.109403f, 0.179490f, -0.000002f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.142031f, -0.000002f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.072024f, -0.000001f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[3].Coeff, 0.208950f, 0.212842f, -0.238350f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.017740f, -0.204011f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.051022f, -0.047489f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[4].Coeff, 0.470936f, -0.369626f, -0.349386f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.031375f, 0.058144f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.007119f, 0.043968f);
break;
case DevFmtX51Side:
@@ -401,7 +383,11 @@ ALvoid aluInitPanning(ALCdevice *device)
device->Speaker[2].Angle = DEG2RAD( 0.0f);
device->Speaker[3].Angle = DEG2RAD( 30.0f);
device->Speaker[4].Angle = DEG2RAD( 90.0f);
layoutname = "layout_side51";
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[0].Coeff, 0.289151f, -0.081301f, 0.401292f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.188208f, -0.071420f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.010099f, -0.032897f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[1].Coeff, 0.167065f, 0.200583f, 0.172695f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.029855f, 0.186407f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.039241f, 0.068910f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[2].Coeff, 0.109403f, 0.179490f, -0.000002f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.142031f, -0.000002f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.072024f, -0.000001f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[3].Coeff, 0.167058f, 0.200580f, -0.172701f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.029846f, -0.186405f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.039241f, -0.068904f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[4].Coeff, 0.289157f, -0.081298f, -0.401295f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.188208f, 0.071419f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.010099f, 0.032897f);
break;
case DevFmtX61:
@@ -418,7 +404,12 @@ ALvoid aluInitPanning(ALCdevice *device)
device->Speaker[3].Angle = DEG2RAD( 30.0f);
device->Speaker[4].Angle = DEG2RAD( 90.0f);
device->Speaker[5].Angle = DEG2RAD(180.0f);
layoutname = "layout_surround61";
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[0].Coeff, 0.289151f, -0.081301f, 0.401292f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.188208f, -0.071420f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.010099f, -0.032897f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[1].Coeff, 0.167065f, 0.200583f, 0.172695f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.029855f, 0.186407f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.039241f, 0.068910f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[2].Coeff, 0.109403f, 0.179490f, -0.000002f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.142031f, -0.000002f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.072024f, -0.000001f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[3].Coeff, 0.167058f, 0.200580f, -0.172701f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.029846f, -0.186405f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.039241f, -0.068904f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[4].Coeff, 0.289157f, -0.081298f, -0.401295f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.188208f, 0.071419f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.010099f, 0.032897f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[5].Coeff, 0.353556f, -0.461940f, -0.000006f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.165723f, -0.000000f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.000000f, 0.000005f);
break;
case DevFmtX71:
@@ -437,9 +428,13 @@ ALvoid aluInitPanning(ALCdevice *device)
device->Speaker[4].Angle = DEG2RAD( 30.0f);
device->Speaker[5].Angle = DEG2RAD( 90.0f);
device->Speaker[6].Angle = DEG2RAD( 150.0f);
layoutname = "layout_surround71";
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[0].Coeff, 0.224752f, -0.295009f, 0.170325f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.105349f, -0.182473f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.000000f, 0.065799f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[1].Coeff, 0.224739f, 0.000002f, 0.340644f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.210697f, 0.000002f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.000000f, -0.065795f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[2].Coeff, 0.167065f, 0.200583f, 0.172695f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.029855f, 0.186407f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.039241f, 0.068910f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[3].Coeff, 0.109403f, 0.179490f, -0.000002f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.142031f, -0.000002f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.072024f, -0.000001f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[4].Coeff, 0.167058f, 0.200580f, -0.172701f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.029846f, -0.186405f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.039241f, -0.068904f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[5].Coeff, 0.224754f, 0.000004f, -0.340647f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.210697f, -0.000004f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.000000f, 0.065796f);
Set3rdOrder(device->Speaker[6].Coeff, 0.224739f, -0.295005f, -0.170331f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.105342f, 0.182470f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -0.000000f, -0.065792f);
break;
}
if(layoutname && device->Type != Loopback)
SetSpeakerArrangement(layoutname, device);
}
OpenAL32/Include/alMain.h
+5
View File
@@ -585,6 +585,10 @@ enum DeviceType {
*/
#define BUFFERSIZE (2048u)
/* The maximum number of Ambisonics coefficients. For a given order (o), the
* size needed will be (o+1)**2, thus zero-order has 1, first-order has 4,
* second-order has 9, and third-order has 16. */
#define MAX_AMBI_COEFFS 16
struct ALCdevice_struct
{
@@ -652,6 +656,7 @@ struct ALCdevice_struct
struct {
enum Channel ChanName;
ALfloat Angle;
ALfloat Coeff[MAX_AMBI_COEFFS];
} Speaker[MaxChannels];
ALuint NumSpeakers;
OpenAL32/Include/alu.h
+8
View File
@@ -201,6 +201,14 @@ inline ALfloat cubic(ALfloat val0, ALfloat val1, ALfloat val2, ALfloat val3, ALf
ALvoid aluInitPanning(ALCdevice *Device);
/**
* ComputeDirectionalGains
*
* Sets channel gains based on the given source's direction. The direction must
* be a 3-component vector no longer than 1 unit.
*/
void ComputeDirectionalGains(const ALCdevice *device, const ALfloat dir[3], ALfloat ingain, ALfloat gains[MaxChannels]);
/**
* ComputeAngleGains
*